Direct damage to Ukraine's infrastructure since Russia invaded in February of last year has reached $151.2 billion, including $55.9 billion in damage to housing alone, according to a study by the Kyiv School of Economics.
Some 147,800 private houses, 19,100 apartment buildings and 350 dormitories have been damaged or destroyed as of Sept 1, the study shows. The heaviest damage, which was calculated by replacement value, was in Kyiv and the southern or eastern regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Mykolaiv, Chernihiv, Kherson and Zaporizhia.
Public infrastructure placed second, with a replacement cost of $36.6 billion, including damage to or destruction of 18 airports, at least 344 bridges and overpasses, and damage to more than 25,000 kms of highways and roads.
Industry, meanwhile, suffered $11.4 billion in damage, affecting assets of at least 426 large and medium-sized private enterprises and state-owned companies. And the education sector came fourth at $10.1 billion, including partial or total destruction of more than 1.7 thousand secondary schools, over 1,000 preschools, and 586 institutions of higher learning.
